Apache Ignite: In-Memory Option for Apache Cassandra Deployments

Posted:

December 21, 2017

Updated: May 14, 2023

Apache Ignite: In-Memory Option for Apache Cassandra Deployments

Apache Cassandra is one of the leading open-source distributed NoSQL disk databases. It is deployed in mission-critical infrastructures at Netflix, eBay, Expedia and many others. It gained popularity for its speed, the ability to linearly scale to thousands of nodes and offers "best-in-class" replication between different data centers.

Apache Ignite is a memory-centric distributed database, caching, and processing platform for transactional, analytical, and streaming workloads delivering in-memory speeds at petabyte scale with support for JCache, SQL99, ACID transactions, and machine learning.

Apache Cassandra is a classic solution in its field. As with any specialized solution, its advantages are achieved due to some compromises, a significant part of which is caused by limitations of disk storage. Cassandra is optimized for the fastest possible work with them to the detriment of the rest.

Examples of trade-offs: the lack of ACID-transactions and SQL support, the inability of arbitrary transactional and analytical transactions -- if the data is not adapted to them in advance. These compromises, in turn, cause logical difficulties for users, leading to the incorrect use of the product and negative experience, or forcing data to be shared between different types of storage, fragmenting the infrastructure and complicating the logic of data storage in applications.

A full comparison of Apache Ignite and Cassandra is outlined in the articles below. Go there if you want to learn more about trade-offs and specificities of each database:

However, as active Cassandra users, can we use it in conjunction with Apache Ignite? Keeping in mind that, the aim is to preserve existing deployments of Cassandra and address its limitations with Ignite. The answer is -- yes. We can deploy Ignite as an in-memory layer above Cassandra, and this article shows how to do this.

comparison graphic

Cassandra Restrictions

First, I want to briefly go through the main limitations of Cassandra, which we want to mitigate:

1. Bandwidth and response time are limited by the characteristics of the hard disk or solid state drive;

2. A data storage structure is optimized for sequential writing and reading and is not adapted to the optimal performance of classical relational operations on data. This does not allow you to normalize data and efficiently map using JOINs, and also imposes significant restrictions, for example, on commands such as GROUP BY and ORDER;

3. As a consequence of paragraph 2 - the lack of SQL support in favor of its more limited variation - CQL;

4. The absence of ACID-transactions.

One can argue that here we are trying to use Cassandra for other purposes, and I would agree. My goal is to show that if you solve these problems, the "appointment" of Cassandra can be significantly expanded. By combining man and horse, we get a rider who can already have a completely different list of things than man and horse individually.

How can you circumvent these limitations?

I would say that the classic approach is fragmentation of data when a part of it is stored in Cassandra while the other is located in different systems that provide guarantees Cassandra can't deliver.

The drawback of this approach is increased complexity (and therefore, potentially, the deterioration of speed and quality) and cost of maintenance. Instead of using one system as data storage now applications have to combine and process results from various sources. Also, the degradation of either of the systems can lead to significant negative consequences, forcing the infrastructural team to chase two rabbits.

Apache Ignite as In-Memory Layer

Another way is to put another system on top of Cassandra, dividing the responsibility between them where Ignite can serve the following:

1. The performance limitations imposed by the disk disappear: Apache Ignite can fully operate in RAM. It's one of the fastest and cheapest storages available!

2. Full support for standard SQL99, including JOINs, GROUP BY, ORDER BY, as well as DML, allows to normalize data, facilitate analytics, and take into account performance when working with RAM - opens the potential of HTAP, analytics in real time on operational data;

3. Support for JDBC and ODBC standards makes it easier to integrate with existing tools, such as Tableau, and frameworks like Hibernate or Spring Data;

4. Support for ACID-transactions is required if consistency is a must for specific operations;

5. Distributed computing, streaming data processing, machine learning - you can quickly implement many new business scenarios for use that generate dividends.

The Apache Ignite cluster takes in Apache Cassandra's data that needs to be queried and enables write-through mode ensuring that all the changes are written back to Cassandra. Next, having the data in Ignite, we are free to use SQL, run transactions and benefit from in-memory speed..

Furthermore, the data can be analyzed in real time with visualization tools like Tableau.

Setting Up

Next, I'll give an example of a simple "synthetic" integration of Apache Cassandra and Apache Ignite to show how it works and that it's feasible to achieve.

First I create the necessary tables in Cassandra and fill them with data, then I initialize the Java project and write DTO classes, and then I show the central part - configuring Apache Ignite to work with Cassandra.

I will use Mac OS Sierra, Cassandra 3.10 and Apache Ignite 2.3. In Linux, the commands should be similar.

Cassandra: tables and data

First, load the Cassandra distribution into the ~ / Downloads directory and navigate to the directory to unpack the archive:

$ cd ~/Downloads
$ tar xzvf apache-cassandra-3.10-bin.tar.gz
$ cd apache-cassandra-3.10
Run Cassandra with default settings, for testing this will be enough.

$ bin/cassandra
Next, run the interactive shell Cassandra and create the test data structures. We will choose the usual surrogate id as the key - for tables in Cassandra it often makes sense to pick keys that are more meaningful regarding subsequent data extraction, but we simplify the example:

$ cd ~/Downloads/apache-cassandra-3.10
$ bin/cqlsh

CREATE KEYSPACE IgniteTest WITH replication = {'class': 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 1};

USE IgniteTest;

CREATE TABLE catalog_category (id bigint primary key, parent_id bigint, name text, description text);
CREATE TABLE catalog_good (id bigint primary key, categoryId bigint, name text, description text, price bigint, oldPrice bigint);

INSERT INTO catalog_category (id, parentId, name, description) VALUES (1, NULL, 'Appliances', 'Appliances for households!');
INSERT INTO catalog_category (id, parentId, name, description) VALUES (2, 1, 'Refrigirators', 'The best fridges we have!');
INSERT INTO catalog_category (id, parentId, name, description) VALUES (3, 1, 'Washing machines', 'Engineered for exceptional usage!');

INSERT INTO catalog_good (id, categoryId, name, description, price, oldPrice) VALUES (1, 2, 'Fridge Buzzword', 'Best fridge of 2027!', 1000, NULL);
INSERT INTO catalog_good (id, categoryId, name, description, price, oldPrice) VALUES (2, 2, 'Fridge Foobar', 'The cheapest offer!', 300, 900);
INSERT INTO catalog_good (id, categoryId, name, description, price, oldPrice) VALUES (3, 2, 'Fridge Barbaz', 'Premium fridge in your kitchen!', 500000, 300000);
INSERT INTO catalog_good (id, categoryId, name, description, price, oldPrice) VALUES (4, 3, 'Appliance Habr#', 'Washes, squeezes, dries!', 10000, NULL);

Initializing Java Project

There are two ways to work with Ignite: you can download the distribution kit from ignite.apache.org , add necessary Jar files with your classes and XML with the configuration, or use Ignite as a maven dependency of your Java project. In this article, we will go for the second option.

We will create a new project using Maven and add the following libraries:

`ignite-cassandra-store` for integration with Cassandra;
`ignite-spring` to set up Ignite with Spring XML configuration.

Both libs depend on `ignite-core`, which includes core functionality of Apache Ignite, and will load it:

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.ignite</groupId>
        <artifactId>ignite-spring</artifactId>
        <version>2.3.0</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.ignite</groupId>
        <artifactId>ignite-cassandra-store</artifactId>
        <version>2.3.0</version>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

Next, you need to create DTO classes that will represent Cassandra tables:

import org.apache.ignite.cache.query.annotations.QuerySqlField;

public class CatalogCategory {
    @QuerySqlField private long id;
    @QuerySqlField private Long parentId;
    @QuerySqlField private String name;
    @QuerySqlField private String description;

    // public getters and setters
}

public class CatalogGood {
    @QuerySqlField private long id;
    @QuerySqlField private long categoryId;
    @QuerySqlField private String name;
    @QuerySqlField private String description;
    @QuerySqlField private long price;
    @QuerySqlField private long oldPrice;

    // public getters and setters
}
We mark the @QuerySqlField annotation with those fields that will be queried with Ignite SQL. If a field is not marked with this annotation, it can not be extracted by means of SQL or filtered by it. 

You can also make more fine-tuning for defining indexes and full-text indexes that go beyond the scope of this example. More information about setting up SQL in Apache Ignite can be found in the corresponding section of the documentation.

Configuring Apache Ignite

Let's create our configuration in `src / main / resources` naming as `apacheignite-cassandra.xml` file. Here is the full configuration and its crucial parts are explained later in this post.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean class="org.apache.ignite.cache.store.cassandra.datasource.DataSource" name="cassandra">
        <property name="contactPoints" value="127.0.0.1"/>
    </bean>

    <bean class="org.apache.ignite.configuration.IgniteConfiguration">
        <property name="cacheConfiguration">
            <list>
                <bean class="org.apache.ignite.configuration.CacheConfiguration">
                    <property name="name" value="CatalogCategory"/>
                    <property name="writeThrough" value="true"/>
                    <property name="sqlSchema" value="catalog_category"/>
                    <property name="indexedTypes">
                        <list>
                            <value type="java.lang.Class">java.lang.Long</value>
                            <value type="java.lang.Class">com.gridgain.test.model.CatalogCategory</value>
                        </list>
                    </property>
                    <property name="cacheStoreFactory">
                        <bean class="org.apache.ignite.cache.store.cassandra.CassandraCacheStoreFactory">
                            <property name="dataSource" ref="cassandra"/>
                            <property name="persistenceSettings">
                                <bean class="org.apache.ignite.cache.store.cassandra.persistence.KeyValuePersistenceSettings">
                                    <constructor-arg type="java.lang.String"><value><![CDATA[
                                        <persistence keyspace="IgniteTest" table="catalog_category">
                                            <keyPersistence class="java.lang.Long" strategy="PRIMITIVE" column="id"/>
                                            <valuePersistence class="com.gridgain.test.model.CatalogCategory" strategy="POJO"/>
                                        </persistence>]]></value></constructor-arg>
                                </bean>
                            </property>
                        </bean>
                    </property>
                </bean>

                <bean class="org.apache.ignite.configuration.CacheConfiguration">
                    <property name="name" value="CatalogGood"/>
                    <property name="readThrough" value="true"/>
                    <property name="writeThrough" value="true"/>
                    <property name="sqlSchema" value="catalog_good"/>
                    <property name="indexedTypes">
                        <list>
                            <value type="java.lang.Class">java.lang.Long</value>
                            <value type="java.lang.Class">com.gridgain.test.model.CatalogGood</value>
                        </list>
                    </property>
                    <property name="cacheStoreFactory">
                        <bean class="org.apache.ignite.cache.store.cassandra.CassandraCacheStoreFactory">
                            <property name="dataSource" ref="cassandra"/>
                            <property name="persistenceSettings">
                                <bean class="org.apache.ignite.cache.store.cassandra.persistence.KeyValuePersistenceSettings">
                                    <constructor-arg type="java.lang.String"><value><![CDATA[
                                        <persistence keyspace="IgniteTest" table="catalog_good">
                                            <keyPersistence class="java.lang.Long" strategy="PRIMITIVE" column="id"/>
                                            <valuePersistence class="com.gridgain.test.model.CatalogGood" strategy="POJO"/>
                                        </persistence>]]></value></constructor-arg>
                                </bean>
                            </property>
                        </bean>
                    </property>
                </bean>
            </list>
        </property>
    </bean>

</beans>
The configuration can be divided into two main sections. First, is the definition of a DataSource to establish a connection with Cassandra and, second, the definition of the Apache Ignite settings.

The first part of the configuration is concise:

    <bean class="org.apache.ignite.cache.store.cassandra.datasource.DataSource" name="cassandra">
        <property name="contactPoints" value="127.0.0.1"/>
    </bean>
We define the Cassandra data source with an IP address to use for the connection. 

Next, we configure Apache Ignite. In our example, there will be a minimal deviation from the default settings, so we only override the property `cacheConfiguration` that will contain a list of Ignite caches that are mapped to Cassandra tables:

    <bean class="org.apache.ignite.configuration.IgniteConfiguration">
        <property name="cacheConfiguration">
            <list>
                ...
            </list>
        </property>
    </bean>
The first cache is mapped to Cassandra's `catalog_category` table:

                <bean class="org.apache.ignite.configuration.CacheConfiguration">
                    <property name="name" value="CatalogCategory"/>
                    ...
                </bean>
For every cache and table combination we enable read-through/write-through modes. For instance, if something is written to Ignite, then Ignite will send an update to Cassandra automatically.

As the next step, we specify that the `catalog_category` schema will be used in Ignite SQL:

                    <property name="readThrough" value="true"/>
                    <property name="writeThrough" value="true"/>
                    <property name="sqlSchema" value="catalog_category"/>
                    <property name="indexedTypes">
                        <list>
                            <value type="java.lang.Class">java.lang.Long</value>
                            <value type="java.lang.Class">com.gridgain.test.model.CatalogCategory</value>
                        </list>
                    </property>

Finally, let's establish a connection with Cassandra. There will be two main subsections. First, we'll point out a link to the previously created DataSource and, secondly, we will need to set how to relate the Cassandra tables and Ignite caches.

This will be done through a property persistenceSettingsin which it is better to refer to an external XML file with the configuration of the mapping, but for simplicity, we'll embed this XML directly into the Spring configuration as a CDATA element:

                    <property name="cacheStoreFactory">
                        <bean class="org.apache.ignite.cache.store.cassandra.CassandraCacheStoreFactory">
                            <property name="dataSource" ref="cassandra"/>
                            <property name="persistenceSettings">
                                <bean class="org.apache.ignite.cache.store.cassandra.persistence.KeyValuePersistenceSettings">
                                    <constructor-arg type="java.lang.String"><value><![CDATA[
                                        <persistence keyspace="IgniteTest" table="catalog_category">
                                            <keyPersistence class="java.lang.Long" strategy="PRIMITIVE" column="id"/>
                                            <valuePersistence class="com.gridgain.test.model.CatalogCategory" strategy="POJO"/>
                                        </persistence>]]></value></constructor-arg>
                                </bean>
                            </property>
                        </bean>
                    </property>

The configuration of the mapping looks quite intuitively clear:

<persistence keyspace="IgniteTest" table="catalog_category">
    <keyPersistence class="java.lang.Long" strategy="PRIMITIVE" column="id"/>
    <valuePersistence class="com.gridgain.test.model.CatalogCategory" strategy="POJO"/>
</persistence>
At the top level (tag persistence) is indicated Keyspace(IgniteTest in this case) and Table( catalog_category), which we will correlate. Then it is indicated that the key of the Ignite-cache will be Long, which is primitive and should be correlated with the id column in the Cassandra table. In this case, the value is the class CatalogCategorythat should be formed with the help of Reflection( stategy="POJO") from the columns of the Cassandra table. 

More detailed settings for the mapping, which are beyond the scope of this example, can be found in the corresponding section of the documentation. 

The configuration of the second cache containing the product data is the same.

Launching

To start, create a class com.gridgain.test.Starter:

package com.gridgain.test;

import org.apache.ignite.Ignite;
import org.apache.ignite.Ignition;

public class Starter {
    public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
        final Ignite ignite = Ignition.start("apacheignite-cassandra.xml");

        ignite.cache("CatalogCategory").loadCache(null);
        ignite.cache("CatalogGood").loadCache(null);
    }
}

Here we use Ignition.start(...)method to launch an Apache Ignite node and `igntie.cache(...).loadCache(null)` methods to preload data from Cassandra to Ignite.

SQL
Once an Ignite cluster is started and interconnected with Cassandra, we can execute Ignite SQL queries. For instance, we can use any client that supports JDBC or ODBC. In our case let's use SquirrelSQL adding Apache Ignite JDBC driver to the tool first:

add driver screenshot

Create a new connection using the URL in the form jdbc: ignite: // localhost / CatalogGood, where localhost - the address of one of the nodes Apache Ignite, and CatalogGood - the cache to which the default requests will go.

add alias screenshot

Finally, let's run several SQL queries:

SELECT cg.name goodName, cg.price goodPrice, cc.name category, pcc.name parentCategory
FROM catalog_category.CatalogCategory cc
  JOIN catalog_category.CatalogCategory pcc
  ON cc.parentId = pcc.id
  JOIN catalog_good.CatalogGood cg
  ON cg.categoryId = cc.id;

goodName	goodPrice	category	parentCategory
Fridge Buzzword	1000	Refrigerators	Appliances
Fridge Foobar	300	Refrigerators	Appliances
Fridge Barbaz	500,000	Refrigerators	Appliances
Appliance Habr #	10000	Washing machines	Appliances

SELECT cc.name, AVG(cg.price) avgPrice
FROM catalog_category.CatalogCategory cc
  JOIN catalog_good.CatalogGood cg
  ON cg.categoryId = cc.id
WHERE cg.price <= 100000
GROUP BY cc.id;

name	avgPrice
Refrigerators	650
Washing machines	10000

Conclusion

In this simple example, we've shown how to bring SQL capabilities with the speed of RAM to existing Cassandra deployments by backing up on Ignite. So, if you are struggling with any Cassandra limitations described in this article, try out Ignite as a possible solution for them.